1 Avocado Root rot Disease Fungus (Phytophthora cinnamomi) Loss of production and death of the tree. Trunk injection of the systemic fungicide potassium phosphonate, repeated annually 8,581 2 Avocado Anthracnose Disease Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Fruit loss Copper sprays are required to produce marketable fruit 8,581 3 Avocado Fruit flies Pest Superficial damage Contact insecticide 8,581 4 Hyacinth Bean Anthracnose Disease Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Cause serious crop losses Spraying with zineb or captan may give reasonable control. 8,624 5 Hyacinth Bean Leaf spot Disease Cercospora dolichi Spraying with fungicides 8,624 6 Hyacinth Bean Pod boring larvae (Adisura atkinsoni) Pest It can be controlled by spraying with Bacillus thuringiensis preparations. 8,624 7 Job's Tear Smut Disease Ustilago coicis It destroys the ovaries. Seed treatment with fungicide or with hot water (60–70°C) for at least 10 minutes before sowing is recommended. 8,625 8 Job's Tear Leaf blight Disease Bipolaris coicis Burning of crop residues, spraying of fungicides and the use of more resistant cultivars. 8,625 9 Job's Tear Tar leaf spot Disease Phyllachora coicis 8,625 10 Job's Tear Rust Disease Puccinia operata 8,625 11 Job's Tear Rats Pest 8,625 12 Job's Tear Birds Pest 8,625 13 Job's Tear Grasshoppers Pest 8,625 14 Job's Tear Termites Pest 8,625 15 Gemsbok Bean (Tylosema esculentum) Fungi Disease Alternaria tenuissima Necrotic lesions 8,626 16 Gemsbok Bean (Tylosema esculentum) Fungi Disease Phoma spp. Necrotic lesions 8,626 17 Niger Seed Ozonium wilt Disease Ozonium texanum var. parasiticum Thirum. Necrotic lesions develop on stem of well grown plants near the soil level. Whitish fungal mycelium grows on these necrotic areas under high humidity and the branches, leaves, inflorescence etc become soft and start rotting. The diseased stem, breaks. Treating the seed with Thiram at the rate of 2 g/kg seed before sowing is quite effective to control the disease. 8,629 18 Niger Seed Collar rot Disease Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. The tissues of collar region become soft and depressed. White fungus grows on the diseased part and forms mustard seed like sclerotia. 8,629 19 Niger Seed Macrophomina root and stem rot Disease Macrophomina phaseolina (Maubl.) Ashby Typical root rot, stem rot, charcoal rot and leaf blight symptoms are produced. Macrophomina infected roots are light blackish to black in colour, which are covered with black sclerotia and are brittle. The blackening extends from ground level upward on the stem giving black colour to stem. Deep ploughing in summer, crop rotation, seed treatment with thiram (0.2%) + Carbendazim (0.1%), application of Trichoderma viride @ 2.5 kg/ha mixing with 50 kg FYM in the field before sowing. 8,629 20 Niger Seed Damping off/root rot Disease Rhizoctonia solani The fungus attacks stem of the seedling at ground level, makes water soaked soft and incapable of supporting the seedling which falls over and dies. On older seedlings elongated brownish black lesions appear. The seed should be treated with Thiram or Captan @3.0 g/kg seed. The disease can also be reduced by drenching the plants with Captan 50 WP @0.25% and crop rotation should be followed. 8,629 21 Niger Seed Cercospora leaf spot Disease Cercospora guizoticola Disease appears as small straw to brown coloured spots with grey centre on the leaves, spots may coalesce causing defoliation. Later the spots increase in number and size and cover the entire lamina and the leaves start dropping off. Elongated dark brown spotsare produced on the stem. The capsules are also affected. Seed treatment with two foliar sprays of Carbendazim 50WP (0.2%) + Mancozeb (0.1%) can manage the disease. 8,629 22 Niger Seed Alternaria leaf spot/blight Disease Alternaria sp. The disease appears as concentric rings on the leaves, which turns brown with grey centre later on. As the disease advances, the spots become oval or circular and irregular in shape. The infected leaves become dry and lead to the defoliation. Further it, spreads to other plant parts and results in to premature drying of the plant. Use of resistant varieties. 8,629 23 Niger Seed Curvularia leaf spot Disease Curvularia lunata Small circular to irregular brown to reddish brown spots which later coalesce to form larger spots. The leaf turn yellow dries and defoliates. 8,629 24 Niger Seed Powdery mildew Disease Sphaerotheca spp. The diseased leaves turn yellow and drop off. The seed formed on diseased plants are small and shriveled. The disease can be managed by burning the infected plant parts after the harvesting of the crop. The disease can also be effectively controlled by spraying with sulfex. 8,629 25 Niger Seed Rust Disease Puccinia guizotiae Brown pustules diameter appear on the leaves. The lesions consist of densely aggregated brown telio. The uredosori are formed on the lower leaf surface and the corresponding upper surface becomes chlorotic. Later teliospores are formed. The disease can be managed by spraying crop with Dithane M- 45 as the disease starts appearing. 8,629 26 Niger Seed Bacterial leaf spot Disease Xanthomonas campestris pv. guizotiae Small brownish spots are formed on leaves which are surrounded by yellow halo. The disease can be managed by spraying the crop with Blitox-50. 8,629 27 Niger Seed Weed dodder (Cuscuta hyalina) Weed The plants remain stunted, pale yellow and bear a very small number of flowers and fruits. The Cuscuta seeds can be removed by sieving before sowing. Removal of cuscuta infected Niger seed at the early crop growth. 8,629 28 Chinese Spinach Stemrot Disease Choanephora cucurbitarum A wider spacing may reduce the rate of infection. 8,631 29 Chinese Spinach Damping-off Disease Pythium and Rhizoctonia It is controlled by good drainage. Over-dense sowing should be avoided. 8,631 30 Chinese Spinach White rust Disease Albugo bliti 8,631 31 Chinese Spinach Leaf and stem blight Disease Phomopsis amaranthophila 8,631 32 Chinese Spinach Caterpillars (Hymenia recurvalis, Spodoptera litura, Heliothis armigera) Pest 8,631 33 Chinese Spinach Larvae of the stem borer (Lixus truncatulus) Pest 8,631 34 Jicama Yam Bean Mosaic virus Disease Aphids (Aphis spp.) or mealy bugs (Ferrisia virgata) and possibly by seed. It results in smaller-sized tubers (yield reductions of 20-30%), discoloured leaves and brittle stems. 8,632 35 Jicama Yam Bean Witches' broom disease Disease Contamination originating in the indigenous flora. 8,632 36 Teff Leaf rust Disease Uromyces eragrostidis Fungicides that control these two diseases have been identified at experimental level, although there are no known cases of field applications. 8,628 37 Jicama Yam Bean Rose beetle (Adoretus versutus) Pest 8,632 38 Teff Head smudge Disease Helminthosporium miyakei Fungicides that control these two diseases have been identified at experimental level, although there are no known cases of field applications. 8,628 39 Jicama Yam Bean Bruchids (Bruchus spp.) Pest 8,632 40 Teff Damping off Disease Drechslera spp. and Epicoccum nigrum Fungicides that control these two diseases have been identified at experimental level, although there are no known cases of field applications. 8,628 41 Okra Damping-off Disease Macrophomina phaseolina, Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani 8,633 42 Okra Vascular wilt Disease Fusarium oxysporum 8,633 43 Teff Wollo bush-cricket Pest Decticoides brevipennis 8,628 44 Okra Cercospora blight Disease Cercospora abelmoschi, Cercospora malayensis 8,633 45 Teff Red teff worm Pest Mentaxya ignicollis 8,628 46 Okra Powdery mildew Disease Erysiphe cichoracearum, Oidium abelmoschi 8,633 47 Okra Okra mosaic virus (OkMV) Disease Flea beetles (Podagrica) This virus can only be controlled through control of the vectors. 8,633 48 Okra Okra leaf curl disease (OLCV) Disease Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) This virus can only be controlled through control of the vectors. 8,633 49 Okra Yellow vein mosaic virus (BYVMV) Disease Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) This virus can only be controlled through control of the vectors. 8,633 50 Teff Black teff beetle Pest Erlangerius niger 8,628 51 Okra Nematodes (Meloidogyne) Pest Damage by nematodes is avoided by crop rotation (e.g. with cereals) and by large applications of organic manure. 8,633 52 Okra Fruit and stem borers (Earias spp. and Heliothis spp., Pectinophora gossypiella) Pest 8,633 53 Teff Parasitic weed Weed Striga hermonthica (Delile) Hand weeding and crop rotation, particularly with pulses, are the most common methods in dealing with these weeds in tef; the use of herbicides is very limited. 8,628 54 Okra Flea beetles (Podagrica spp.) Pest 8,633 55 Okra Jassids (Empoasca spp.) Pest 8,633 56 Teff Invasive weed Weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. Hand weeding and crop rotation, particularly with pulses, are the most common methods in dealing with these weeds in tef; the use of herbicides is very limited. 8,628 57 Teff Cosmopolitan weed Weed Convolvulus arvensis L. 8,628 58 Proso Millet Downy mildew Disease Sclerospora graminicola 8,634 59 Finger Millet Blast Disease Pyricularia setariae 8,634 60 Finger Millet Leaf blight Disease Cochliobolus nodulosus 8,634 61 Foxtail Millet Blast Disease Pyricularia setariae 8,634 62 Foxtail Millet Rust Disease Uromyces setariae-italicae 8,634 63 Foxtail Millet Smut Disease Ustilago crameri 8,634 64 Foxtail Millet Downy mildew Disease Sclerospora graminicola 8,634 65 Taro (Cocoyam) Taro blight Disease Phytophthora colocasiae It causes purple to brown circular water-soaked lesions. This disease is partially controlled by use of copper- or phosphor-based fungicides, but spraying is tedious and costly. Increasing plant spacing or intercropping reduces losses. 8,635 66 Taro (Cocoyam) Taro soft rot Disease Pythium It causes wilting and chlorosis of leaves. Control is possible by use of healthy planting material, crop rotation and treating planting materials with fungicide. 8,635 67 Taro (Cocoyam) Sclerotium rot Disease Sclerotium rolfsii It causes stunting of the plant, rotting of corm and formation of many spherical sclerotia in the corm. Control is by soil drenching. 8,635 68 Fonio Rust Disease Puccinia oahuensis 8,636 69 Taro (Cocoyam) Dark brown spots Disease Cladosporium colocasicola and Phyllosticta colocasiae 8,635 70 Taro (Cocoyam) Alomae virus disease Disease Combined infestation by the taro large bacilliform virus and the taro small bacilliform virus 8,635 71 Taro (Cocoyam) Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) Pest Control is by treating planting material with water at 40°C for 50 minutes, by the use of disease-free material or by soil fumigation. 8,635 72 Taro (Cocoyam) Hercothrips indicus thrips Pest It causes silvery discoloration of the leaves and can result in severe leaf shedding. 8,635 73 Taro (Cocoyam) Taro beetles (Papuana spp.) Pest Young plants wilt and die but older plants usually recover. It can be controlled by applying insecticide in the planting holes. 8,635 74 Taro (Cocoyam) Leafhoppers Pest Biological control and insecticide dusting are effective control measures. 8,635 75 Malabar Spinach Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) Pest The damage is reduced by the application of a high dose of organic manure. Crop rotation with non-susceptible crops such as maize or amaranth is recommended. 8,638 76 Malabar Spinach Necrotic leaf spots Disease Cercospora basellae and Acrothecium basellae 8,638 77 Malabar Spinach Rust Disease Puccinia spp. It causes yellow-orange spots on the leaves. Removal of all infected leaves is recommended in order to reduce the inoculum rate. 8,638 78 Chayote Root-knot nematodes Pest Application of large amounts of organic manure to the planting holes reduces damage. 8,639 79 Chayote Powdery mildew Disease Erysiphe cichoracearum 8,639 80 Chayote Downy mildew Disease Pseudoperonospora cubensis 8,639 81 Chayote Leaf spot Disease Mycosphaerella sp. 8,639 82 Chayote Spider mites Pest 8,639 83 Chayote Leaf beetles Pest 8,639 84 Swamp Cabbage White rust Disease Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae It causes white patches which diminish the market quality. 8,640 85 Swamp Cabbage Damping off Disease Pythium sp. 8,640 86 Swamp Cabbage Caterpillars (Spodoptera litura and Diacrisia strigatula) Pest 8,640 87 Swamp Cabbage Aphids Pest 8,640 88 Winged Bean False rust/orange gall Disease Synchytrium psophocarpi 8,608 89 Winged Bean Dark leaf spot Disease Pseudocercospora psophocarpi 8,608 90 Winged Bean Powdery mildew Disease Erysiphe cichoracearum 8,608 91 Winged Bean Web blight Disease Rhizoctonia solani 8,608 92 Winged Bean Flower blight Disease Choanephora cucurbitarum 8,608 93 Winged Bean Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) Pest It may cause stunted growth and yellowing of leaves. 8,608 94 Winged Bean Bean pod-borer (Maruca testulalis) Pest 8,608 95 Asystasia Fungus Disease Colletotrichum dematium It causes necrosis, defoliation and stunted growth. 8,641 96 Proso Millet Smut Disease Sphacelotheca destruens and Ustilago spp. 8,650 97 Proso Millet Anthracnose Disease Colletotrichum graminicola 8,650 98 Proso Millet Leaf blast Disease Pyricularia grisea 8,650 99 Proso Millet Ergot Disease Claviceps spp. 8,650 100 Proso Millet Rust Disease Puccinia and Uromyces spp. 8,650 101 Proso Millet Leaf blight Disease Helminthosporium sp. 8,650 102 Proso Millet Foot rot Disease Sclerotium rolfsii 8,650 103 Proso Millet Shootfly (Atherigona miliaceae) Pest 8,650 104 Proso Millet Stem borers (Chilo partellus, Chilo suppressalis and Sesamia inferens) Pest 8,650 105 Quinoa Damping off Disease Sclerotium rolfsii 8,652 106 Quinoa Downy mildew Disease Peronospora farinosa 8,652 107 Quinoa Stalk rot Disease Phoma exigua var. foveata 8,652 108 Quinoa Leaf spot Disease Ascochyta hyalospora 8,652 109 Quinoa Grey mold Disease Botrytis cinerea 8,652 110 Quinoa Bacterial blight Disease Pseudomonas sp. 8,652 111 Quinoa Flea beetles Pest 8,652 112 Quinoa Sugarbeet root aphid (Pemphigus populivenae) Pest 8,652 113 Quinoa Quinoa plant bug (Melanotrichus sp.) Pest 8,652 114 Quinoa Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) Pest 8,652 115 African Rice Rice blast Disease Pyricularia grisea 8,656 116 African Rice Rice yellow mosaic virus (RYMV) Disease 8,656 117 African Rice African rice gall midge (Orseolia oryziphora) Pest 8,656 118 Love-Lies-Bleeding Fungal diseases Disease Alternaria 8,658 119 Love-Lies-Bleeding Fungal diseases Disease Mycoplasma 8,658 120 Love-Lies-Bleeding Fungal diseases Disease Sclerotinia spp. 8,658 121 Love-Lies-Bleeding Leaf-eating caterpillars Pest Sclerotinia spp. 8,658 122 Love-Lies-Bleeding Stem-boring larvae of weevils Pest 8,658 123 Finger Millet Head blast Disease Magnaporthe grisea All aerial parts are affected from seedling to maturity. Control methods include crop rotation and the use of tolerant or resistant cultivars. 8,664 124 Finger Millet Dark brown leaf blight Disease Bipolaris nodulosa 8,664 125 Finger Millet Foot and root rot Disease Bipolaris nodulosa 8,664 126 Finger Millet Seedling blight and head blight Disease Helminthosporium leucostylum 8,664 127 Finger Millet Shoot fly (Atherigona soccata) Pest 8,664 128 Finger Millet Stem borers Pest 8,664 129 Finger Millet Phytophagous ladybird (Epilachna similis) Pest 8,664 130 Finger Millet Wild finger millet (Eleusine indica) Weed 8,664 131 Finger Millet Brachiaria deflexa Weed 8,664 132 Finger Millet Guizotia scabra Weed 8,664 133 Purple Amaranth Stemrot Disease Choanephora cucurbitarum Spraying with fungicides such as maneb or carbatene reduces the losses, but is seldom applied. 8,668 134 Purple Amaranth Damping-off Disease Pythium aphanidermatum It is controlled by good drainage. Over-dense sowing should be avoided. 8,668 135 Purple Amaranth White rust Disease Albugo candida 8,668 136 Purple Amaranth Caterpillars Pest Many commercial growers now spray with insecticides regularly, up to twice a week, instead of using the traditional control method of spreading wood ash to dispel insects. In order to avoid harmful residues, the use of less toxic chemicals is strongly recommended. Biological insecticides derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are fairly effective against caterpillars. Caterpillars (Spodoptera litura, Helicoverpa armigera, Hymenia recurvalis) 8,668 137 Purple Amaranth Larvae of the stem borer Lixus truncatulus Pest The basal part of the plant containing the pupae swells and plant growth is much retarded. Many commercial growers now spray with insecticides regularly, up to twice a week, instead of using the traditional control method of spreading wood ash to dispel insects. In order to avoid harmful residues, the use of less toxic chemicals is strongly recommended. 8,668 138 Machurian Wild Rice Green leaf hopper (Nephotettix bipunctatus) Pest 8,670 139 Machurian Wild Rice Brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens) Pest 8,670 140 Machurian Wild Rice Paddy army worm (Mythimna separata) Pest 8,670 141 Machurian Wild Rice Paddy swarming caterpillar (Spodoptera mauritia) Pest 8,670 142 Winged Bean False rust Disease Synchytrium psophocarpi 8,671 143 Winged Bean Dark leaf spot Disease Pseudocercospora psophocarpi 8,671 144 Winged Bean Web blight Disease Rhizoctonia solani 8,671 145 Winged Bean Flower blight Disease Choanephora cucurbitarum 8,671 146 Winged Bean Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) Pest Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) may cause stunted growth and yellowing of leaves. 8,671 147 Winged Bean Bean pod-borer (Maruca testulalis) Pest 8,671 148 Malabar Spinach (Basella rubra) Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) Pest The damage is reduced by the application of a high dose of organic manure. Crop rotation with non-susceptible crops such as maize or amaranth is recommended. Basella rubra is synonym to Basella alba. 8,638 149 Malabar Spinach (Basella rubra) Necrotic leaf spots Disease Cercospora basellae and Acrothecium basellae Basella rubra is synonym to Basella alba. 8,638 150 Malabar Spinach (Basella rubra) Rust Disease Puccinia spp. It causes yellow-orange spots on the leaves. Removal of all infected leaves is recommended in order to reduce the inoculum rate. Basella rubra is synonym to Basella alba. 8,638 151 Bitter Gourd Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows Disease 8,676 152 Bitter Gourd Cercospora leaf spot Disease Cercospora citrullina It is controlled by pruning of affected leaves and by spraying fungicides such as benomyl, cupravit or daconil. 8,676 153 Bitter Gourd Downy mildew Disease Pseudoperonospora solanacearum It is controlled by wide spacing giving good ventilation and by fungicides such as maneb, ridomil or dithane. 8,676 154 Bitter Gourd Powdery mildew Disease Erysiphe cichoracearum It is controlled by fungicides such as maneb, ridomil and dithane or with sulphur dust. 8,676 155 Bitter Gourd Bacterial wilt Disease Ralstonia, fusarium wilt, and root-knot nematodes Infection with bacterial wilt causes quite sudden wilting while the plant is still green. 8,676 156 Bitter Gourd Aphids Pest Heavy aphid infestation can lead to strongly stunted growth and reduced fruit set. 8,676 157 Bitter Gourd Fruit flies (Dacus cucurbitae) Pest 8,676 158 Bitter Gourd Leaf beetles (Epilachna spp.) Pest 8,676 159 Bitter Gourd Caterpillars (Spodoptera spp., Heliothis armigera) Pest 8,676 160 Bitter Gourd Mites Pest 8,676 161 African Cabbage Powdery mildew Disease Sphaerotheca fuliginea, Oidiopsis taurica 8,694 162 African Cabbage Leaf spot Disease Cercospora uramensis 8,694 163 African Cabbage Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) Pest It causing stunted growth and wrinkling of the leaves and growing tips 8,694 164 African Cabbage Hurricane bug (Bagrada spp.) Pest It can be effectively controlled with insecticides. 8,694 165 African Cabbage Pentatomids (Acrosternum gramineum and Agonoselis nubilis) Pest 8,694 166 African Cabbage Flea beetles Pest 8,694 167 African Cabbage Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) Pest 8,694 168 African Cabbage Weaver birds Pest Young seeds are eaten by weaver birds. 8,694 169 African Cabbage American bollworms Pest 8,694 170 Potherb Fameflower White leaf spot Disease Pleospora spp. 8,697 171 Potherb Fameflower Leaf mosaic Disease Unknown virus 8,697 172 Blue Clitoria Fungal leaf diseases Disease Rhizoctonia microsclerotia C. ternatea is affected by fungal leaf diseases (e.g. Cercospora, Colletotrichum, Oidium and Rhizoctonia). 8,698 173 Blue Clitoria Fungal leaf diseases Disease Corticium solani C. ternatea is affected by fungal leaf diseases (e.g. Cercospora, Colletotrichum, Oidium and Rhizoctonia). 8,698 174 Blue Clitoria Meloidgyne incognita Pest 8,698 175 Blue Clitoria Leaf-eating caterpillars Pest 8,698 176 Lesser Yam Leaf spots Disease Cercospora spp. and Glomerella spp 8,699 177 Lesser Yam Leaf necrosis Disease Cercospora spp. and Glomerella spp 8,699 178 Lesser Yam Yam beetle (Heteroligus spp.) Pest It attacks the tubers. It can be controlled with insecticidal dusts, or by planting as late as possible in the season. 8,699 179 Lesser Yam Yam scale (Aspidiella hartii) Pest It infest the tubers, especially during storage. 8,699 180 Lesser Yam Mealy bugs Pest It infest the tubers, especially during storage. 8,699 181 Lesser Yam Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) Pest It cause wartiness of the harvested tubers. 8,699 182 Lesser Yam Yam nematode (Scutellonema bradys) Pest It cause wartiness of the harvested tubers. 8,699 183 Smooth Loofah Fruitfly Pest The eggs hatch into small larvae then start eating the fruits. Cut and burn the infected parts. After removal of the infected fruits, spray insecticide recommended by the authorize dealer. 8,700 184 Smooth Loofah Thrips Pest Spraying at night was found to be effective in controlling thrips. In case of of severe cases, spray for two consecutive nights using different chemicals at a time. 8,700 185 Smooth Loofah Caterpillar Pest Spray with insecticides. 8,700 186 Smooth Loofah Downey Mildew Disease Spots that are irregular in shape usually appear in the surface of the leaves. The spots increase rapidly in size until the whole leaf dies. 1. Plant resistant varieties. 2. Restrain nitrogen fertilization and irrigation. 3. Fungicide application if symptom is becoming severe. 4. Do clean cultural management practices. 5. Practice crop rotation. 8,700 187 Celosia White rust Disease Albugo bliti White rust (Albugo bliti) forms white pustules on the underside of the leaves. 8,702 188 Celosia Alternaria leaf spot Disease Alternaria spp. Cause dark spots on the leaves 8,702 189 Celosia Charcoal rot Disease Macrophomina phaseolina Cause dark spots on the leaves 8,702 190 Celosia Stem rot Disease Choanephora cucurbitarum 8,702 191 Celosia Damping-off Disease Rhizoctonia solani 8,702 192 Celosia Meloidogyne spp. Pest Causing galls on roots, unthrifty growth, small and chocolate-coloured leaves 8,702 193 Celosia Caterpillars (Hymenia recurvalis) Pest The use of appropriate pesticides can control them. Spraying should start at detection of the caterpillars and should be applied once a week for three weeks. 8,702 194 Mashua Tropaeolum mosaic potyvirus (TropMV) Disease Aphid (Myzus persicae) 8,703 195 Mashua Acroconidiella leaf spot Disease Acroconidiella tropaeoli 8,703 196 Mashua Oca nematode (Thecavermiculatus andinus) Pest 8,703 197 Mashua Potato nematode (Nacobbus aberrans) Pest 8,703 198 Mashua Copitarsia turbata Pest 8,703 199 Mashua Leaf miner (Philionorycter sp.) Pest 8,703 200 Mashua Copitarsia spp. Pest 8,703 201 Mashua Andean weevil (Premnotrypes vorax) Pest 8,703 202 Mashua Copitarsia turbata Pest It attacks aerial stems. 8,703 203 Mashua Phyllonoryeter spp. Pest It mines the leaves. 8,703 204 Mashua Thysanoptera spp. Pest It mines the leaves. 8,703 205 Cabbage-tree Caterpillar Pest In just a week, it can devour the leaves of the trees of an entire village. 8,704 206 Marrow Powdery mildew Disease Erysiphe cichoracearum or Sphaerotheca fuliginea 8,706 207 Marrow Necrotic leaf spots Disease Alternaria or Ulocladium spp. 8,706 208 Marrow Downy mildew Disease Pseudoperonospora cubensis It induces only localized small yellow lesions. 8,706 209 Marrow Leaf spot Disease Didymella bryoniae It causes leaf spot mostly on senescent petioles only. 8,706 210 Marrow Wet rot Disease Choanephora cucurbitacearum It first invades the corolla, then the blossom-end of the fruit. 8,706 211 Marrow Fruit rot Disease Rhizoctonia solani or Sclerotium rolfsii Plastic mulch may give good control of these soil-linked diseases, provided water can freely drain off from the mulch. 8,706 212 Marrow Root diseases Disease Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) A good control measure is manuring with organic matter under the plants. 8,706 213 Marrow Papaya ringspot potyvirus-W (PRSV-W) Disease 8,706 214 Marrow Squash mosaic virus (SqMV) Disease Cucurbit beetles (Epilachna, Diabrotica, Acalymma spp.) 8,706 215 Marrow Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) Disease 8,706 216 Marrow Watermelon mosaic potyvirus-2 (WMV2) Disease 8,706 217 Marrow Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV) Disease 8,706 218 Marrow Aphis gossypii Pest 8,706 219 Marrow Epilachna spp. Pest 8,706 220 Marrow Bemisia argentifolia Pest 8,706 221 Marrow Pickle worm (Diaphania nitidalis) Pest 8,706 222 Marrow Melon worm (Diaphania hyalinata) Pest 8,706 223 Marrow Fruit flies (Dacus cucurbitae) Pest 8,706 224 Marrow Spider mites (Tetranychus spp.) Pest 8,706 225 Star Gooseberry Chinese rose beetle (Adoretus sinicus) Pest 8,709 226 Star Gooseberry Slugs Pest 8,709 227 Yautia Root rot Disease Pythium myriothylum The outer leaves of the plant gradually go yellow from margin to mid rib and finally the leaf dies. The roots of the plant also die. Use fungicide (Acrobate) as soil drench. 8,710 228 Black Mulberry Powdery mildew Disease Phyllactinia corylea and Uncinula geniculata A white powdery coating on the lower leaf surface. It can be treated with sulphur dust, copper oxychloride, karathane and imazalil. 8,711 229 Black Mulberry Popcorn disease Disease The fruit swells to resemble popped corn. Collecting and burning infected fruit help control it. 8,711 230 Breadfruit 2-spotted leaf hopper Pest 8,712 231 Breadfruit Rastrococcus invadens Pest 8,712 232 Breadfruit Rosellinina spp. Pest 8,712 233 Breadfruit Anthracnose Disease Colletotrichum Fruits may be affected. It can be controlled by prompt harvest of mature fruits and removal of diseased fruits. 8,712 234 Breadfruit Soft rot Disease Rhizopus Fruits may be affected. It can be controlled by prompt harvest of mature fruits and removal of diseased fruits. 8,712 235 Pineapple Guava Guava moth Pest Premature fruit drop, fruit flesh will be brown and rotting. Pheromone traps can catch adult guava moths. 8,734 236 Black Nightshade Black aphids (Aphis fabae Scop.) Pest Large numbers of the aphids can infest the underside of the leaves causing leaf curl, while the young apices of similarly infested plants can fail to develop. 8,672 237 Black Nightshade Flea beetles (Epilachna hirta) Pest 8,672 238 Black Nightshade Root knot nematodes Pest 8,672 239 Black Nightshade Yellow vein clearing Disease Affected leaves become yellowish green with a dark green colouration developing near the veins. 8,672 240 Black Nightshade Fungal diseases Disease Affected leaves then show a light-green or yellowish coloration on the upper side, while a greenish-grey 'mould' develops on the undersides. 8,672 241 Chaya Tomato hornworms Pest 8,801 242 Chaya Broad Mite Pests Pest 8,801 243 Chaya Cassava Common Mosaic Virus Disease Chaya is a host of CCMV (Cassava Common Mosaic Virus) although plant materials are available from none-infected sources. 8,801 244 Paper Mulberry Pseudomonas syringe Pest 8,800 245 Paper Mulberry Phytophthora boehmeriae Pest 8,800 246 Paper Mulberry Dendryphiella broussonetiae Pest 8,800 247 Paper Mulberry Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) Pest 8,800 248 Guava Fruit flies Pest The Mediterranean, Oriental, Mexican and Caribbean fruit flies cause major problems, in that they infest ripe fruit with their larvae, making them inedible. 8,818 249 Dogfruit Pod-borers Mussidia pectinicornella Pest 8,831 250 Dogfruit Pod-borers Cryptophlebia ombrodelta Pest 8,831 251 Akee Wilt and dieback Disease Verticillium dahliae 8,832 252 Soursop Fruit flies (Anastrepha suspensa) Pest 8,836 253 Moringa Mites Pest Mite attack may lead to yellowing of leaves 8,837 254 Moringa Termites Pest Heaping ashes around the base of seedlings. 8,837 255 Moringa Aphids Pest 8,837 256 Moringa Leaf miner Pest 8,837 257 Moringa Whiteflies Pest 8,837 258 Moringa Caterpillar (Eupterote molifera) Pest Defoliation Requires spraying to control it. 8,813 259 Moringa Root rot Disease Diplodia sp. 8,813 260 Cherry Guava Fruit flies Pest 8,847 261 Cherry Guava Scale insects Pest 8,847 262 Cherry Guava Beetles (Coleoptera) Pest 8,847 263 Cherry Guava Thrips (Selenothrips) Pest 8,847 264 Indian Mulberry Whiteflies Pest It causes a buildup of sooty mold on the leaves It can be controlled with sprays of insecticidal soaps and oils 8,851 265 Indian Mulberry Scales Pest It causes a buildup of sooty mold on the leaves It can be controlled with sprays of insecticidal soaps and oils 8,851 266 Indian Mulberry Aphids Pest 8,851 267 Indian Mulberry Leaf miner Pest It cause severe damage to the leaves. 8,851 268 Indian Mulberry Leaf spot Disease Colletotrichum sp. Sanitation (picking up or removing severely diseased leaves) or by periodic application of approved fungicides. 8,851 269 Indian Mulberry Stem, leaf and fruit blights Disease Phytophtora sp and Sclerotium rolfsii 8,851 270 Indian Mulberry Black flag disease Disease Phytophtora sp It significantly inhibit leaf growth and fruit development. 8,851 271 Indian Mulberry Root knot disease Disease Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) Use soil-less media or only heat-treated soil for seddlings. Also use proper irrigation, fertilizer and compost in order to minimize the damage. 8,851 272 Indian Mulberry Dodder (Cuscuta spp.) Weed 8,851 273 Indian Mulberry Cassytha filiformis Weed 8,851 274 Passionfruit Passion vine mite (Brevipalpus phoenicis) Pest It defoliate the younger portions of the vines but not the terminus, and make brown blemishes on the fruits. 8,854 275 Passionfruit Passion vine bug (Leptoglossus australis) Pest It feeds on flowers and young, green fruits in Queensland. 8,854 276 Passionfruit Stinkbug (Nezara viridula) Pest 8,854 277 Passionfruit Brown stinkbug (Boerias maculata) Pest 8,854 278 Passionfruit Black stinkbug (Anoplocnemis sp.) Pest 8,854 279 Passionfruit Small black stinkbug (Leptoglossus membranaceus) Pest 8,854 280 Passionfruit Thrips (Thysanoptera sp.) Pest It injure and cause stunting of young seedlings in nurseries. 8,854 281 Passionfruit Tobacco white fly (Bemisia tabaci) Pest It may lead to galls on the leaves. 8,854 282 Passionfruit Leaf beetles (Haltica sp.) Pest 8,854 283 Passionfruit Weevils (Systates spp.) Pest 8,854 284 Passionfruit Scales (Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Chrysomphalus ficus, Parasaissetia nigra) Pest 8,854 285 Passionfruit Leaf hopper (Scolypopa australis) Pest 8,854 286 Passionfruit Mealybug ladybird (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri) Pest 8,854 287 Passionfruit Brown spot Disease 8,854 288 Pitahaya Stem rot Disease Xanthomonas campestris, Fusarium oxysporium, Pantoea sp., Erwinia caratovora Yellowing of tissues followed by softening and smelly rotting of tissues. Advanced attack showed total rotting of fleshy succulent parts of stem leaving the main veins intact. Pruning of infected parts, Copper compound sprays and nutrition. 8,858 289 Pitahaya Anthracnose Disease Colletotrichum gloesperoides Red brown concentric lesions with ascervuli developed near ribs of vine, in particular where the spines emerged from the rib edge. Fungicidal sprays like mancozeb, maneb would be able to control 8,858 290 Pitahaya Beetles Pest Beetles occasionally attacks the young succulent stem and may caused necrosis Fruit bagging 8,858 291 Pitahaya Ants Pest Ants feed on sap from fruits and may caused blemishes. Fruit bagging 8,858 292 Pomegranate Leaf footed bugs Pest Leaf footed bugs can penetrate the rind to suck out juice, causing an internal fungus infection in part of the fruit. It is best to harvest damaged fruit as it appears, remove the infected parts, and consume the rest. The eggs of leaf-footed bugs can be spotted on the underside of leaves and removed. The bugs can also be contained by attracting small birds to feed on them. 8,866 293 Fava (Faba) Bean Chocolate Spot Disease Botrytis fabae Dark, chocolate-colored spots on leaves and stems; defoliation in severe cases. Use fungicides, rotate crops, and ensure good air circulation. Monitor during wet conditions as the disease thrives in humidity. 9,795 294 Fava (Faba) Bean Aphid Infestation Pest Black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) Yellowing leaves, stunted growth, and sticky honeydew on plants. Introduce natural predators like ladybugs, use insecticidal soap, and monitor plant health regularly. Early detection and biological control are effective strategies. 9,796