Notes

The bark, branches and leaves contain tannins and yield red dyes as well as a yellow dye for fabrics. The wood, bark and leaves contain a high quality tannin suitable for tanning yellow even thick hides. The thin trunks make excellent walking sticks and canes. The wood is of a fine texture, very hard, very heavy, durable, very solid, resilient, difficult to split and readily polished. It is heavier than water and does not float. Highly valued by turners, it is used for making tools, machine parts, etc. It can be used to replace box-wood (Buxus species) as material for handles, such as heavy blacksmith sledge hammers, cogs in millers' wheels, buttons, or shuttles.